Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the variability of short-term water temperature amplitudes in Lake Morskie Oko, situated in the Tatra Mountains National Park, which makes the human impact on the lake very limited. The objective of the study was to determine to what extent an increase in depth contributes to suppressing daily water temperature amplitudes. It was shown, among other things, that water temperature amplitudes were the lowest in the period of occurrence of the ice cover, higher in the period of occurrence of other (than ice cover) ice phenomena, and the highest in the case of their lack. The analysis of profiles of water temperature amplitudes (in the case of lack of ice phenomena) resulted in determination of their six types. A strong correlation was observed in which the effect of mean daily air temperature and the effect of wind on water level amplitudes are considerably lower during the occurrence of ice phenomena in comparison to the period when the water surface is free from such phenomena. It was demonstrated that the near-bottom waters in Lake Morskie Oko are very stable in terms of temperature. The short transition period from ice cover to free water surface was determined to be very important, because it constitutes a threshold in the effect of air temperature and wind on changes in thermal dynamics of water (in this case expressed in amplitude values). Finally, proposals are presented for future expansion of the scope of research on water temperature amplitudes. This work is important, because the amplitudes were investigated not only at the surface of the lake, but also at its bottom, and also during the ice cover period, when the lake was isolated from the atmospheric influences. This study may contribute to better understanding of the lake water temperature responses to climate change and thus to more accurate prediction these patterns in lake globally. Moreover, understanding of changes in water temperature is closely related to the variability of its heat resources, and these in the future may be used on a large scale. In the case of a mountain lake such as Morskie Oko, the heat of water may be used, for example, for heating tourist shelters.
Highlights
Research on water temperature in lakes is usually performed in lake surface water [1,2,3] or in a given vertical profile [4,5,6,7,8], once or several times, e.g., in various seasons of the year or in subsequent years
The obtained data on water temperature were divided into three subsets due to differences in the dynamics of changes (Figures 6–11), i.e., a b c measurements in the presence of compact ice cover
An analogous tendency was observed at the remaining levels, whereas at depths of 5 m and 20 m, significant differences were only obtained between the period of lack of ice cover/ice phenomena and the period with ice phenomena or ice cover
Summary
Research on water temperature in lakes is usually performed in lake surface water [1,2,3] or in a given vertical profile [4,5,6,7,8], once or several times, e.g., in various seasons of the year or in subsequent years. Such a procedure does not allow the determination of the range of amplitudes in short time intervals. Hundreds of examples of papers on classic temperature measurements, i.e., in vertical profile (single or repeated) exist
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