Abstract
Abstract. A growing interest in extreme precipitation has spread through the scientific community due to the effects of global climate change on the hydrological cycle, and their threat to natural systems' higher than average climatic values. Understanding the variability of precipitation indices and their association to atmospheric processes could help to project the frequency and severity of extremes. This paper evaluates the trend of three precipitation extremes: the number of consecutive dry/wet days (CDD/CWD) and the quotient of the precipitation in days where daily precipitation exceeds the 95th percentile of the reference period and the total amount of precipitation (or contribution of very wet days, R95pTOT). The aim of this study is twofold. First, extreme indicators are compared against accumulated precipitation (RR) over Europe in terms of trends using non-parametric approaches. Second, we analyse the geographically opposite trends found over different parts of Europe by considering their relationships with large-scale processes, using different teleconnection patterns. The study is accomplished for the four seasons using the gridded E-OBS data set developed within the EU ENSEMBLES project. Different patterns of variability were found for CWD and CDD in winter and summer, with north–south and east–west configurations, respectively. We consider physical factors in order to understand the extremes' variability by linking large-scale processes and precipitation extremes. Opposite associations with the North Atlantic Oscillation in winter and summer, and the relationships with the Scandinavian and East Atlantic patterns as well as El Niño/Southern Oscillation events in spring and autumn gave insight into the trend differences. Significant relationships were found between the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and R95pTOT during the whole year. The largest extreme anomalies were analysed by composite maps using atmospheric variables and sea surface temperature. The association of extreme precipitation indices and large-scale variables found in this work could pave the way for new possibilities regarding the projection of extremes in downscaling techniques.
Highlights
The occurrence of extreme events and their impacts on society have become a fundamental issue due to the greater climate change effects on them than on mean values causing, for example, damages related to health, agriculture, energy and tourism
The predictions announced by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports (IPCC, 2012) indicate that extreme events are very likely to change in intensity, frequency and location in 21st century
The spatial distribution of the extreme indicators (Fig. 1) is first analysed using the E-OBS data set for every season and for the period of study (1950–2010)
Summary
The occurrence of extreme events and their impacts on society have become a fundamental issue due to the greater climate change effects on them than on mean values causing, for example, damages related to health, agriculture, energy and tourism. The predictions announced by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) reports (IPCC, 2012) indicate that extreme events are very likely to change in intensity, frequency and location in 21st century Easterling et al, 2000; Tebaldi et al, 2006) This IPCC report points out human influence as a likely cause of global warming and changes in the hydrological cycle, with a precipitation decrease in subtropical areas and intensification of extremes (Trenberth, 2011).
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