Abstract
This study is based on the daily sea ice concentration data from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), Boulder, CO, USA) from 1979 to 2016. The Arctic sea ice is analyzed from the total sea ice area, first year ice extent, multiyear ice area, and the variability of sea ice concentration in different ranges. The results show that the total sea ice area decreased by 0.0453 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.55%/year) between 1979 and 2016, and the variability of the sea ice area from 1997 to 2016 is significantly larger than that from 1979 to 1996. The first-year ice extent increased by 0.0199 × 106 km2·year−1 (0.36%/year) from 1997 to 2016. The multiyear ice area decreased by 0.0711 × 106 km2·year−1 (−0.66%/year) from 1979 to 2016, of which in the last 20 years is about 30.8% less than in 1979–1996. In terms of concentration, we have focused on comparing 1979–1996 and 1997–2016 in different ranges. Sea ice concentration between 0.9–1 accounted for about 39.57% from 1979 to 1996, while from 1997–2016, it accounted for only 27.75%. However, the sea ice of concentration between 0.15–0.4 exhibits no significant trend changes.
Highlights
In recent years, global warming has accelerated the melting of ice and snow in the Arctic region.Arctic sea ice is the clearest and most important indicator of climate change due to the Arctic’s climate amplification effect [1]
Studying the Arctic total sea ice area (SIA) is very important and necessary to reveal the role of Arctic sea ice cover in relation to the global climate changes
Some studies show that the Arctic sea ice cover of 2016 was highly noteworthy, as it featured record low monthly sea ice extents at the start of the year but a summer (September) extent that was higher than expected by most seasonal forecasts [21]
Summary
Global warming has accelerated the melting of ice and snow in the Arctic region. Acceleration in the decline is evident as the extent and area trends of the entire ice cover (seasonal and perennial ice) have shifted from about −2.2 and −3.0% per decade in 1979–1996 to about −10.1 and −10.7% per decade in the last 10 years The latter trends are comparable to the high negative trends of −10.2 and −11.4%. Our analysis of sea ice variability is performed primarily based on the total sea ice area (SIA), first year ice extent, multiyear ice area, and sea ice concentration in different ranges It focuses on the comparison of the Arctic sea ice for the two periods, 1979–1996 and
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