Vapor concentration and temperature field measurement of an evaporating sessile drop by tomographic laser absorption spectroscopy

Abstract

Drop evaporation is a ubiquitous phenomenon that has been studied for over a century. However, the surrounding gas-phase field including the temperature and vapor concentration distribution is not sufficiently studied experimentally. In this paper, a sensor based on tunable laser absorption spectroscopy is designed to study the vapor-phase temperature and concentration distribution of evaporating sessile drops, and data processing method involving data pre-processing and tomographic reconstruction is proposed to realize high-precision, spatially resolved measurement, which was realized by scanning the mechanical galvanometer in the horizontal direction. With free-knot splines smoothing and “denucleated” onion-peeling algorithm, temperature and H2O concentration distributions surrounding the evaporated drop at three different substrate plate temperatures are observed. The concentration and temperature in close vicinity to the gas–liquid interface are reconstructed accurately despite the high-gradient changes. A spatial resolution of under 100 μm with a temporal resolution of 10 s has been realized. Quantitative depiction of the temperature and concentration fields shows evidence of convection and indicates that while the concentration level sharply peaks at the interface, temperature in the close vicinity to the drop shows flattening or even dipping trends. The in situ laser measurement results are validated against contact measurement, theoretical prediction with saturated vapor pressure, and model simulation of COMSOL. Uncertainties have been evaluated based on both repeated measurements and model prediction of input uncertainty propagation. Temperature and concentration measurement uncertainties are estimated to be <1.5% and <3.5%, respectively, even though all experiments were performed in open air with non-negligible buoyancy-induced convection.