Abstract
The study presents a novel vancomycin-releasing collagen wound dressing derived from Cyprinus carpio collagen type I cross-linked with carbodiimide which retarded the degradation rate and increased the stability of the sponge. Following lyophilization, the dressings were subjected to gamma sterilization. The structure was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy images, micro-computed tomography, and infrared spectrometry. The structural stability and vancomycin release properties were evaluated in phosphate buffered saline. Microbiological testing and a rat model of a wound infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were then employed to test the efficacy of the treatment of the infected wound. Following an initial mass loss due to the release of vancomycin, the sponges remained stable. After 7 days of exposure in phosphate buffered saline (37°C), 60% of the material remained with a preserved collagen secondary structure together with a high degree of open porosity (over 80%). The analysis of the release of vancomycin revealed homogeneous distribution of the antibiotic both across and between the sponges. The release of vancomycin was retarded as proved by in vitro testing and further confirmed by the animal model from which measurable concentrations were observed in blood samples 24 hours after the subcutaneous implantation of the sponge, which was more than observed following intraperitoneal administration. The sponge was also highly effective in terms of reducing the number of colony-forming units in biopsies extracted from the infected wounds 4 days following the inoculation of the wounds with the MRSA solution. The presented sponges have ideal properties to serve as wound dressing for prevention of surgical site infection or treatment of already infected wounds.
Highlights
INTRODUCTIONThe application of vancomycin-releasing collagen sponges as wound dressings has not been studied to any
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time freshwater fish collagen is combined with vancomycin to form a hemostatic sponge, which prevents wound infection due to the Gram-positive bacteria most commonly found on the skin
By exposing collagen sponges to PBS we showed that approximately 60% of the material remained after 168 hours; using infrared spectroscopy we confirmed that the material retained its collagen secondary structure
Summary
The application of vancomycin-releasing collagen sponges as wound dressings has not been studied to any. Following the application of 1000 mg of vancomycin powder during surgery for spinal deformity in children, supratherapeutic levels were achieved in a fluid drained by a subfascial drain up to the second postoperative day (403 mg/L, 251 mg/L, and 115 mg/L for day 0, day 1, and day 2, respectively) and the same study recorded non-toxic levels in plasma (2.5 mg/L, 1.9 mg/L, and 1.1 mg/L for day 0, day 1, and day 2, respectively) [11] Mammal collagens, such as calf or bovine, are the most used collagen types for biomaterial engineering [4,5]. The current study presents the results of structural, drug-releasing, and microbiological testing of an animal model of infected wound treated with a novel vancomycin-releasing cross-linked freshwater fish-derived collagen wound dressing
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