Abstract
In the northern Fennoscandian Shield, vanadium mineralization occurs in the Paleoproterozoic Pechenga–Imandra-Varzuga (PIV) riftogenic structure. It is localized in sulfide ores hosted by sheared basic and ultrabasic metavolcanics in the Pyrrhotite Ravine and Bragino areas and was formed at the latest stages of the Lapland–Kola orogeny 1.90–1.86 Ga ago. An additional formation of vanadium minerals was derived from contact metamorphism and metasomatism produced by the Devonian Khibiny alkaline massif in the Pyrrhotite Ravine area. Vanadium forms its own rare minerals (karelianite, coulsonite, kyzylkumite, goldmanite, mukhinite, etc.), as well as occurring as an isomorphic admixture in rutile, ilmenite, crichtonite group, micas, chlorites, and other minerals. Vanadium is inferred to have originated from two sources: (1) basic and ultrabasic volcanics initially enriched in vanadium; and (2) metasomatizing fluids that circulated along shear zones. The crystallization of vanadium and vanadium-bearing minerals was accompanied by chromium and scandium mineralization. Vanadium mineralization in Paleoproterozoic formations throughout the world is briefly considered. The simultaneous development of vanadium, chromium and scandium mineralizations is a unique feature of the Kola sulfide ores. In other regions, sulfide ores contain only two of these three mineralizations produced by one ore-forming process.
Highlights
The model consists of Paleoproterozoic rifting that resulted from lithospheric thinning above a mantle plume head, oceanic separation, subduction, collision and post-orogenic relaxation
Two types of vanadium mineralization which is rare in nature have been discovered in the Kola region
The mineralization includes both vanadium and vanadium-bearing minerals. Both mineralization types are located in supracrustal rocks of the Paleoproterozoic
Summary
It is present in all major types of rocks of the Earth’s crust, in meteorites, spectra of stars and the Sun. The vanadium content in the Earth’s crust is estimated at 1.6 × 10−2 mass % and in oceans 3.0 × 10−7 mass % [1]. Vanadium in the Earth’s crust can create compounds or be present in them in the form of V3+ , V4+ and V5+. Vanadium and vanadium-bearing minerals are formed in different genetic settings. In minerals of magmatic rocks vanadium is found mainly in the trivalent form as an isomorphic admixture
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