Van Geert Groote tot Ignatius van Loyola

Abstract

From Geert Groote to Ignatius of Loyola: Sexuality, Spirituality, and Governmentality in the Later Middle Ages This contribution discusses late-medieval ‘modern devotion’ in the Low Countries in terms of Foucault’s history of sexuality. This time and area are both historically and theoretically relevant for further refining and elaborating that history: in particular, they invite us to analyze the spirituality of Thomas a Kempis’s Imitatio Christi and Ignatius of Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises in terms of pastoral power and anti-pastoral resistance. The theme of power is largely absent from Pierre Hadot’s notion of ‹spiritual exercises›, Foucault›s great source of inspiration; and even Foucault’s Confessions of the Flesh hardly discusses the question of resistance in or against early Christian practices of the self in any great detail. Further, the spiritual and sexual history of devotional practices of the self in the Low Countries gains even more relief when confronted with those of pre-modern Islamic mysticism. In both traditions, virginity appears to play a strikingly similar role.