Abstract
The ocean capacity to store carbon is crucial, and currently absorbs about 25% CO2 supply to the atmosphere. The ability to store carbon has an economic value, but such estimates are not common for ocean environments, and not yet estimated for the Arctic Ocean. With the severe climatic changes in the Arctic Ocean, impacting sea ice and potentially the vertical carbon transport mechanisms, a projection of future changes in Arctic Ocean carbon storage is also of interest. In order to value present and evolving carbon storage in the changing Arctic marine environment we combine an ocean model with an economic analysis. Placing a value on these changes helps articulate the importance of the carbon storage service to society. The standing stock and fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon from the atmosphere, rivers, shelves and through the gateways linking to lower latitudes, and to the deep of the Arctic Ocean are investigated using the physically-chemically-biologically coupled SINMOD model. To obtain indications of the effect of climate change, trajectories of two IPCC climate scenarios RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 from the Max Planck Institute were used for the period 2006-2099. The results show an increase in the net carbon storage in the Arctic Ocean in this time period to be 1.0% and 2.3% in the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. Most of this increase is caused by an increased atmospheric CO2 uptake until 2070. The continued increase in inorganic carbon storage between 2070 and 2099 results from increased horizontal influx from lower latitude marine regions. First estimates of carbon storage values in the Arctic Ocean are calculated using the social cost of carbon and carbon market values as two outer bounds from 2019 to 2099, based on the simulated scenarios. We find the Arctic Ocean will over the time period studied increase its storage of carbon to a value of between €27.6 billion and €1 trillion. This paper clearly neglects a multitude of different negative consequences of climate change in the Arctic, but points to the fact that there are also some positive counterbalancing effects.
Highlights
Due to climate change, the Arctic is undergoing rapid transformation (IPCC, 2014; Comiso et al, 2017)
We find an increase in the carbon storage of the Arctic Ocean, though this increase is declining toward the end of the century
An important result from this study is the minor effect reduced ice cover has on the total carbon accumulation and storage
Summary
The Arctic is undergoing rapid transformation (IPCC, 2014; Comiso et al, 2017). The loss of summer sea ice has amplified the effect of warming, and currently the Arctic warming is taking place 2–3 times faster than global rates (Comiso and Hall, 2014; Meier et al, 2014; Serreze and Stroeve, 2015). Where sea ice once served as an impediment, new opportunities are opening for provisioning services of shipping, fishing and natural resource extraction (Meier et al, 2014), as well as the regulating service of carbon storage. The temporary storage of CO2 in the various components of marine systems provides an important service in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentration since it prevents the absorbed CO2 from immediately contributing to the greenhouse effect slowing climate change (Melaku Canu et al, 2015)
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