Abstract
Toxicity testing and the assessment of safety of drugs, veterinary products and chemicals are essential in today’s society. The current accepted paradigm for non-clinical safety estimation is that different animal species are sufficient to predict effects in humans. However, these tests have not significantly progressed over the years, and millions of animals are used every year for toxicity studies globally. Legislation in modern societies is based on the assumption that animal testing is ethi-cally acceptable. The 3Rs concept, defined by Russel and Burch in 1959, states that all efforts to ‘replace’, ‘reduce’ and ‘refine’ ani-mal experiments must be undertaken
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