Abstract
According to the TNM staging system for lung cancers, stage III is divided into IIIA and IIIB. This division was based upon the principle that patients with IIIA disease could theoretically benefit from complete resection, contrasting with IIIB patients for whom surgery is not feasible. The poor prognosis of stage IIIB is largely due to its classical inoperability. From the surgical point of view, stage IIIB can be subdivided into four subgroups: 1) N3 where resection is possible in selected patients through median sternotomy; 2) T4 where extended surgery can be considered in selected patients; 3) N3 + T4; 4) malignant pleural or pericardial effusion contraindicating any radical surgery. Criteria for resectability could be defined to include some IIIB patients in multimodality protocols in which surgery would become possible after induction therapy: definitive inoperability excludes any possibility of surgery, even in cases in which radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy leads to complete remission; immediate inoperability allows patients to be included in protocols evaluating induction treatments designed to render tumours resectable.
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