Abstract
The development of third-generation biofuels of algae-based biomass has significant benefits than the first- and second-generation biofuels due to their accessibility and versatility. These algae-based biofuels are notably one of the best sustainable energy resources for automotive and aviation industries which receives wider attention in global fuel markets in recent times. Therefore, a critical review assessment has been carried out on production techniques of third generation algae-based biofuels and their applications in Spark Ignition (SI) engines in detail. Several methodologies for development of bio-alcohols, biohydrogen and biomethane are outlined. This article also examined on various bioreactors developed for algal biofuels production to address the issues on biofuel extraction, utilizing diverse mediums and wastewater treatment strategies. In addition, the suitability of algal biofuel for SI engines and the features of SI engine output while using bio-alcohols and biogases have been investigated. A techno-economic study has been done to determine the commercial state of algae biofuel on the fuel market. The critical assessment clearly reveals that raceway pond, Algae Turf Scrubber and biofilm, water medium are occupy the crucial roles in algae cultivation. Furthermore, the economic aspects of pre-treatment process and toxic removal during ethanol and butanol productions are the major obstacles. Dark fermentation is the primary choice for biogas and biohydrogen production than photo fermentation process. Thus, this study reveals that wastewater-treated biomass and algal biofuel with hybrid engine combinations offer promising future prospects for biofuel development.
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