Abstract
Sandy texture soil, a major problem for agriculture requires structure and capacity improvements. However, utilization of soil conditioner may arrest this problem. This research was carried out to investigate the accumulated levels of metal ions and radionuclides in water, soil and plants following phosphogypsum organic (PG organic) added to a sandy soil for 23-month in 3 cropping seasons. The condition in the field was simulated in the laboratory using an open leaching column for 30-day under constant but different pH of leachant. More ions were released at pH < 4.6 and decreases greatly at pH > 5.6. The metal ions measured in the surface and borehole water, and soils were below the target values for respective standard raw drinking water. The metal ions did not accumulate in soil, plant and grain, and water as indicated by biological accumulation coefficients, contamination factors, I-geo index and pollution load index in a sandy soil that received the PG organic. Naturally occurring radionuclide concentrations, such as 226Ra, 228Ra, and 40K, in soil and plant tissue were found to be lower than the average value reported by several earlier studies. Under field condition the pH of water (i.e., rainfall) was greater than pH 5.6, thus renders PG organic became less soluble. There was no leaching of natural occurring radionuclides to the groundwater. Therefore, the application of PG organic to the studied soil had no impact on the soil, plants, and water and suitable as a soil conditioner in sandy texture soils.
Highlights
Problem by adding various extractants to PG, such as by measuring leaching amounts of radionuclides and metals from Brazilian PG in comparison to PR15, aqua regia digestion and sequential e xtractions[16,17]
Phytotoxic metal ions B, Zn, and Mn in plants treated with PG organic were significantly lower or not significantly different compared to the control plants
The ions released from PG organic under laboratory conditions showed that depends on the acidity of the lechant used
Summary
Problem by adding various extractants to PG, such as by measuring leaching amounts of radionuclides and metals from Brazilian PG in comparison to PR15, aqua regia digestion and sequential e xtractions[16,17]. The organic material used as filler is derived from composted oil palm empty fruit bunch (COPEFB), a by-product from palm oil processing mill. This soil contains more than 80% of sand fraction is a problematical soil in Southeastern Asia, including Malaysia and I ndonesia[18]. It is unsuitable for agricultural purposes because of its weak structure, deficient of nutrients, low capacity of water retention, high soil temperature, and inadequate supports of plants to grow[19]. The objectives of this study were (i) to observed migration of selected ions related to plant nutrition in the short-term laboratory experiment and (ii) to investigate the accumulated levels of metal ions (MIs) (e.g., As, Cd, Ce, La, Se, Sr, Th, Ra, Zn, B, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ag, Ba and Hg) and natural radioactivity concentrations, such as 226Ra, 228Ra, 238U and 232Th in water, soil, and plants between sandy soil under PG organic treatment and control (normal sandy soil) in real field situation
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