Abstract
The increased development of aquaculture has resulted in increased demand for high-protein aquafeed. An increased demand for high-protein aquafeed means an increase in exploitation of unsustainable protein sources such as fishmeal for aquafeed production. Thus, alternative protein sources such as fermented macroalgae is explored. Fermented macroalgae had been tested as aquaculture diets in some studies, but with limited coverage in relation to aquaculture. Therefore, this review provides a new perspective regarding their nutritional qualities as aquaculture diets, and their impacts on growth performances of aquaculture animals.
Highlights
Aquaculture as an industry has been booming in the last few decades
The insects that are commonly studied for aquafeed production are black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens), common housefly (Musca domestica), green bottle fly (Lucillia sericata), stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), common fruit fly or vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster), and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)
Cost, process performances, and nutritional compositions of insects, animal feed safety, public, and environmental health depend on species; life stages; substrates (types, availability, nutritional compositions; the protein:fat:digestible carbohydrate ratio; depth in production system; moisture; pH; microbes; pesticides; insecticides; heavy metals and toxins such as mycotoxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); pretreatment methods); nutritional requirements; feeding rate; population density; environmental conditions; production systems, and downstream processing [4,10,11,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]
Summary
Aquaculture as an industry has been booming in the last few decades. With the increased development of aquaculture, the demand for nutritional fulfilling commercial and compound aquafeeds are increasing simultaneously. In 2009, only around 4% of the global industrially produced animal feeds were used in aquaculture [1] This trend will likely change due to the increasing reliance on commercial aquafeed [1]. The increasing use of fishmeal and fish oil from capture fisheries for aquafeed production are unsustainable. The shared use of fishmeal and fish oil by pigs and poultry from terrestrial animal agriculture, and the increased demands of these resources in aquaculture, drive up the prices [8]. This propels the terrestrial animal agriculture industry to shift their use of fishmeal and fish oil to alternative sources [8]. Froehlich et al [8] agreed that finding alternative sources is one of the strategies to reduce the overexploitation of wild forage fish
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