Valorization of Coffee Silverskin through Subcritical Water Extraction: An Optimization Based on T-CQA Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Coffee silverskin (CS) is the only byproduct of the roasting process for coffee beans and is rich in phenolic compounds with various bioactivities. This study proposes a valorization option for bioactive compounds (T-CQA) based on a subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique, which is known for its high efficiency and feasibility for use on an industrial scale. The use of water as a sole solvent requires a minimum number of cleaning steps and renders the extract safe for further applications, such as in either the cosmetic or food industry. Response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design is effectively used to optimize and explain the individual and interactive process variables (i.e., extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid–liquid ratio) on the T-CQA content obtained from coffee silverskin by the SWE technique. The final model exhibits a precise prediction of the experimental data obtained for the maximum T-CQA content. Under the optimum conditions, the CS extract is found to contain a higher content of T-CQA and TPC than that reported previously. For antioxidant activity, up to 26.12 ± 3.27 mg Trolox equivalent/g CS is obtained.