Valorization of biowaste derived nanophase yttrium substituted hydroxyapatite/citrate cellulose/ opuntia mucilage biocomposite: A template assisted synthesis for potential biomedical applications

Abstract

In this study, fabrication of novel biowaste derived nanophase yttrium substituted hydroxyapatite/citrate cellulose/opuntia mucilage (Y-nHAP/CC/OM) biocomposite is achieved and more beneficial with this combined features than that of their individual constituents. The Y-nHAP was extracted from CaO obtained from egg-shells through cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) mediated synthesis. Further, the cellulose was obtained from rice husk through alkaline extraction and the surface of the derived cellulose was modified using citric acid through refluxion method. In addition, the OM was extracted from opuntia ficus-indica cladodes plant using alcohol extraction. The biowaste derived materials were formed as composites by mixing Y-nHAP/CC/OM (3:1:1) ratio in ethanol/water mixture under stirring and ultrasonication. The obtained nano biocomposites were characterized through various characterization techniques to explore its physicochemical and morphological properties. CTAB mediated synthesis shows the formation of non-agglomerated spherical nano particles, whereas the composite structure reveals the agglomerated dense surface formation. The mechanical property of Y-nHAP/CC/OM composite is found to have an enhanced hardness values. In vitro bioresorbability of the Y-nHAP/CC/OM biocomposite in SBF medium confirms the surface apatite formation. Likewise, the prepared biocomposite exhibits potential bacterial resistance against both gram positive and gram negative strains shows bacterial inhibition rate. The cytocompatibility of the Y-nHAP/CC/OM biocomposite in MG 63 cell line shows better cell viability with minimum toxicity. Hence, the obtained result indicates that the biowaste derived Y-nHAP/CC/OM composite will serve as a potential biocomposite materials for suitable for biomedical applications.