Abstract
In this work, water hyacinths, bagasse and rice straw were valorized to produce an innovative biopolymer. Serial steps of extraction, bleaching and conversion of cellulose to be carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as well as the last steps of blending and molding were performed. The CMC was mixed with tapioca starch solution by a ratio of 9:18, and a plastic sizer of glycerol was varied at 2%, 4% and 6% by volume. In addition, bioplastic sheets were further determined in their properties and biodegradation. The results revealed that bioplastics with 6% glycerol showed a high moisture content of 23% and water solubility was increased by about 47.94% over 24 h. The effect of temperature on bioplastic stability was found in the ranges of 146.28–169.25 °C. Furthermore, bioplastic sheets with 2% glycerol could maintain their shape. Moreover, for texture analysis, the highest elastic texture in the range of 33.74–38.68% with 6% glycerol was used. Moreover, bioplastics were then tested for their biodegradation by landfill method. Under natural conditions, they degraded at about 10.75% by weight over 24 h after burying in 10 cm soil depth. After 144 h, bioplastics were completely decomposed. Successfully, the application of water, weed and agricultural wastes as raw materials to produce innovative bioplastic showed maximum benefits for an environmentally friendly product, which could also be a guideline for an alternative to replace synthetic plastics derived from petroleum.
Highlights
The world is facing various environmental pollution problems
Over the last 10 years in Thailand, the amount of synthetic plastic waste has increased by 2 million tons per year, and this waste has had a huge impact on the environment, is difficult to remove and cannot be decomposed naturally [1]
Bioplastics can be produced from aquatic weeds and agricultural wastes that can be obtained from agricultural residues, the wood industry and livestock waste
Summary
The world is facing various environmental pollution problems. According to economic expansion, synthetic plastic derived from petroleum has increased because of its low cost of production and durability. The results showed that the addition of glycerol to corn starch can enhance the strength of plastic, and starch gelatinization was postponed to higher temperatures Another strategy that has been used is blending starch with fibers, nanofibers and synthetic polymers to overcome the problems of retrogradation and the poor mechanical properties of starch-based plastic [16,17,18,19]. The carboxymethylcellulose, which was obtained from waste biomass via extraction techniques, acted as innovative material for bio-based plastic production. It was further blended with two bioplasticisers (starch and glycerol) in order to form biocomposite plastic. Applications of biocomposite plastics were evaluated from this characteristic
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