Abstract
The Capulin almond is a seed of the Prunus serotina (var. capuli) that belongs to the Rosaceae family. In this study, the valorization of the Capulin almond was performed by extracting antioxidants contained in the shell, paste, and oil (extracted by manual cold pressing process) of Prunus serotina treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acidified water (pH 4) in a ratio of 1:5 (w/v). Total phenols were performed using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH methods and expressed as Trolox equivalents (TE). Finally, the total flavonoids were determined using a catechin calibration curve and reported as catechin equivalents (CE). The highest extraction of total phenols in shell was obtained with methanol (1.65 mg GAE/g sample) and the lowest using acidified water (0.97 mg GAE/g sample). However, extraction with acidified water favored this process in the paste (1.42 mg GAE/g sample), while the use of solvents did not influence it significantly (0.72 to 0.79 mg GAE/g sample). Regarding the total flavonoids, the values for the shell, paste, and oil were of 0.37, 0.78, and 0.34 mg CE/g sample, respectively, while that corresponding to the antioxidant activity evaluated with ABTS and DPPH were of 1527.78, 1229.17, 18894.44 μM TE/g, and, 568.45, 562.5 and 4369.05 mM TE/g sample, respectively. Finally, our results suggest that by-products such as the shell, paste, and oil obtained from Prunus serotina (var. capuli) represent a potential alternative for the recovery of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity such as phenolic compounds and flavonoids.
Highlights
The Prunus serotina tree, belonging to the Rosacea family, produces the Capulin fruit as a globose reddish-black drupe at maturity 12 to 20 mm in diameter, which contains an almond inside
In the case of oil, the solvent yields were higher for acidified water (90.33%; 0.02 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and ethanol (90.20%; 0.25 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g), the total phenolic content was higher in the acetone extraction (20.87%; 0.47 ± 0.00 mg GAE/g)
Regarding total flavonoid content extracted with ethanol, the highest values were found in the paste, followed by the shell and oil
Summary
The Prunus serotina tree, belonging to the Rosacea family, produces the Capulin fruit as a globose reddish-black drupe at maturity 12 to 20 mm in diameter, which contains an almond inside. Various studies have shown that almond by-products (of the kernel, skin, and shell) contain bioactive compounds such as phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) and terpenoids (sterols and triterpenoids), whose composition and quantity depend on factors such as the geographical distribution, origin, environmental conditions, exposure to pests, UV radiation, harvest maturity and obtaining and extraction process [10,11,12,13,14]. These by-products are a source of potent antioxidants for the control of oxidative processes, natural antimicrobials, prebiotic and antiviral compounds [15,16,17,18]
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