Abstract
BackgroundRapid compensatory stepping plays an important role in preventing falls when balance is lost; however, these responses cannot be accurately quantified in the clinic. The Microsoft Kinect™ system provides real-time anatomical landmark position data in three dimensions (3D), which may bridge this gap.MethodsCompensatory stepping reactions were evoked in 8 young adults by a sudden platform horizontal motion on which the subject stood or walked on a treadmill. The movements were recorded with both a 3D-APAS motion capture and Microsoft Kinect™ systems. The outcome measures consisted of compensatory step times (milliseconds) and length (centimeters). The average values of two standing and walking trials for Microsoft Kinect™ and the 3D-APAS systems were compared using t-test, Pearson’s correlation, Altman-bland plots, and the average difference of root mean square error (RMSE) of joint position.ResultsThe Microsoft Kinect™ had high correlations for the compensatory step times (r = 0.75–0.78, p = 0.04) during standing and moderate correlations for walking (r = 0.53–0.63, p = 0.05). The step length, however had a very high correlations for both standing and walking (r > 0.97, p = 0.01). The RMSE showed acceptable differences during the perturbation trials with smallest relative error in anterior-posterior direction (2-3%) and the highest in the vertical direction (11–13%). No systematic bias were evident in the Bland and Altman graphs.ConclusionsThe Microsoft Kinect™ system provides comparable data to a video-based 3D motion analysis system when assessing step length and less accurate but still clinically acceptable for step times during balance recovery when balance is lost and fall is initiated.
Highlights
Rapid compensatory stepping plays an important role in preventing falls when balance is lost; these responses cannot be accurately quantified in the clinic
The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of the anatomical landmarks collected using Microsoft Kinect with a kinematic assessment tool (i.e., a Three dimensions (3D) computer-assisted video motion analysis, the Ariel Performance Analysis System) during standing and walking, as well as the compensatory step recovery reactions after loss of balance resulting from unexpected perturbation of posture during standing and walking
Regarding the root mean square error (RMSE) of the Microsoft Kinect system with respect to the Ariel Performance Analysis System (APAS) system, Fig. 1 show the locations of marker placed on the left ankle in all phases of the experiment
Summary
Rapid compensatory stepping plays an important role in preventing falls when balance is lost; these responses cannot be accurately quantified in the clinic. Shani et al European Review of Aging and Physical Activity (2017) 14:4 strategies being used by the patient; they are usually designed for frail older adults with severe deficits in their postural control system These measures cannot provide information regarding a subject's ability to prevent falling if balance is lost. A 3D kinematic video-based motion analysis system can be incorporated into the testing protocol to measure spatiotemporal factors such as trajectories and timing of rapid leg movement during compensatory stepping, which have been shown to discriminate between young and older populations as well as between frail and healthy older adults [1,2,3] This is most commonly achieved using systems that require multiple cameras and tracking markers placed on the skin, making them cumbersome and expensive, and requiring extensive technical expertise to operate and interpret. A recent development in computer gaming technology – the Microsoft KinectTM system – is inexpensive, portable, and does not require markers to determine anatomical landmarks; it may overcome the limitations associated with laboratorybased movement analysis systems
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