Abstract
Accuracy in quantifying energy intake (EI) using common dietary assessment methods is crucial for interpreting the relationship between diet and chronic disease. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the validity of dietary assessment methods used to estimate the EI of adults in comparison to total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW). Articles in English across nine electronic databases, published between 1973 and February 2019 were retrieved. Studies were included if participants were adults (≥18 years) and used the DLW technique to measure TEE compared to self-reported EI. A total of 59 studies were included, with a total of 6,298 free living adults and a mean of 107 participants per study. The majority of studies including 16 studies that included a technology based method reported significant (P < 0.05) under-reporting of EI when compared to TEE, with few over-reporting EI. Misreporting was more frequent among females compared to males within recall based dietary assessment methods. The degree of under-reporting was highly variable within studies using the same method, with 24 h recalls having less variation and degree of under-reporting compared to other methods.
Highlights
The accuracy of measuring food and nutrient intakes using various dietary assessment methods is crucial for interpreting the relationship between development of dietary related chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers (1)
There have been no reviews in adults since that investigate the misreporting of energy intake. It is within this context that this review aims to evaluate the validity of selfreported dietary assessment methods in estimating the daily EI of adults (≥18 years) in comparison to total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW)
The majority of studies were conducted in free-living settings with one conducted in a military population (78), one in clinical population group with short bowel syndrome (36), one in obese pregnant women (60) and one in wrestlers (71)
Summary
The accuracy of measuring food and nutrient intakes using various dietary assessment methods is crucial for interpreting the relationship between development of dietary related chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers (1). These chronic diseases contribute significantly to the global burden of disease (2). The incorporation of technologies to assess dietary intake, including by way of smartphone and the Internet, has facilitated key developments in the collection, analysis and interpretation of dietary intake data (7). The emergence of newer dietary assessment methods with technology assisted components, such as image-based methods and wearable devices (e.g., micro-camera) that incorporate technology for data collection, means that a review of the validity of technology based methods is timely (8, 9)
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