Abstract
PurposePortable three-dimensional imaging systems are becoming increasingly common for facial measurement analysis. However, the reliability of portable devices may be affected by the necessity to take three pictures at three time points. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of portable devices for assessing the periocular region.MethodsIn 60 Caucasian volunteers (120 eyes), four facial scans (twice for each instrument) using the portable VECTRA H2 and static VECTRA M3 devices were performed; patients' heads were kept straight, looking ahead, with a neutral facial expression. One assessor set 52 periocular landmarks in the periocular area of each image and subsequently assessed intra- and inter-device reliability by comparing two within-device measurements and one between-device measurement, respectively.ResultsThe mean absolute difference (MAD) (0.13 and 0.12 units), relative error of measurement (REM) (0.61 and 0.68%), technical error of measurement (TEM)(1.02 and 0.80 units), relative TEM (rTEM) (5.51 and 4.43%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (0.89, 0.89) showed good intra-device reliability for M3 and H2; MAD (0.63, 0.62 units), REM (2.83, 2.69%), TEM (1.31, 1.10 units), rTEM (7.62, 5.57%), and ICC (0.79, 0.83) indicated that inter-device reliability deteriorated compared to intra-device reliability and that the inter-device reliability of the first scan (moderate) was lower than that of the average of the two scans (good).ConclusionsThe portable VECTRA H2 device proved reliable in assessing most periocular linear distances, curve distances, and angles; some improvement in inter-device reliability can be achieved by using the average of two scans.
Highlights
Of seven upper lid fold-related variables, 57.1% of Relative error of measurement (REM) values were
REM was
All palpebral fissure-related variables showed an REM and relative TEM (rTEM)
Summary
The anthropometric data of facial soft tissues are widely used in plastic [1] and craniomaxillofacial surgery [2–4]. These data are important to develop surgical plans [5] and assess outcome prognosis [6–8]. The periocular region plays an important role in facial attractiveness, emotional expression, and differentiation by ethnicity [9, 10], gender, and age [11, 12]. It is a major reference indicator for corrective, restorative, or cosmetic surgery [13]. The reliability (repeatability) and accuracy of the VECTRA M3 static device is very high for linear, curvilinear, angular, area, and volume measurements [21– 25]. The device is expensive, bulky, untransportable, and requires frequent calibration [2, 14, 26–28] to reach this high reliability, which are considerable limitations, especially for patients who cannot walk independently or reside in remote and poor areas
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