Abstract
BackgroundMany musculoskeletal pain conditions are characterized by hypersensitivity, which is induced by central sensitization (CS). A questionnaire, the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), was recently developed to help clinicians identify patients whose presenting symptoms may be related to central sensitivity syndrome (CSS). The aims of the present study were to examine criterion validity and construct validity of the Japanese version of the CSI (CSI-J), and to investigate prevalence rates of CS severity levels in patients with musculoskeletal disorders.MethodsTranslation of the CSI into Japanese was conducted using a forward-backward method. Two hundred and ninety patients with musculoskeletal pain disorders completed the resultant CSI-J. A subset of the patients (n = 158) completed the CSI-J again one week later. The relationships between CSI and clinical symptoms, EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), were examined for criterion validity. EQ-5D assesses Health-related QOL and BPI measures pain intensity and pain interference. The psychometric properties were evaluated with analyses of construct validity, factor structure and internal consistency, and subsequently investigate the prevalence rates of CS severity levels.ResultsThe CSI-J demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89) and test-retest reliability was excellent value (ICC = 0.85). The CSI-J was significantly correlated with EQ-5D (r = −0.44), pain intensity (r = 0.42), and pain interference (r = 0.48) (p < 0.01 for all). Ten percent of the participants were above the cutoff “40”. The exploratory factor analysis resulted in 5-factor model.ConclusionsThis study reported that the CSI-J was a useful and psychometrically sound tool to assess CSS in Japanese patients with musculoskeletal disorders. The finding of the prevalence rates of CS severity levels in patients with musculoskeletal disorders may help clinicians to decide strategy of treatment.
Highlights
Central sensitization (CS) is defined as increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to normal or subthreshold afferent input by the International Association for the Study of Pain [1]; it is operationally defined as an amplification of neural signaling within the central nervous system that elicits pain hypersensitivity [2]
The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)-J was significantly correlated with EuroQol 5-dimension (EQ-5D) (r = −0.44), pain intensity (r = 0.42), and pain interference (r = 0.48) (p < 0.01 for all)
This study reported that the CSI-J was a useful and psychometrically sound tool to assess central sensitivity syndrome (CSS) in Japanese patients with musculoskeletal disorders
Summary
Central sensitization (CS) is defined as increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to normal or subthreshold afferent input by the International Association for the Study of Pain [1]; it is operationally defined as an amplification of neural signaling within the central nervous system that elicits pain hypersensitivity [2]. Many chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions, such as osteoarthritis [5,6,7], rheumatoid arthritis [8], low back pain [6,9,10], persistent neck pain [11,12,13,14], fibromyalgia [6,15,16], and tennis elbow [17], are characterized by hypersensitivity, which is induced by CS. Screening for the occurrence of these generalized hypersensitivities, captured as CS, is beneficial to clinicians, that is distinguishing through the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) enables clinicians to provide more specific treatments. Many musculoskeletal pain conditions are characterized by hypersensitivity, which is induced by central sensitization (CS). The aims of the present study were to examine criterion validity and construct validity of the Japanese version of the CSI (CSI-J), and to investigate prevalence rates of CS severity levels in patients with musculoskeletal disorders
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