Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factor structure, invariance, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of the Flourishing Scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in 2272 Greek adults (aged M = 35.54 years). We used the 3-faced validation method. After splitting the sample in three parts (20%, 40% and 40%), we established a structure in the first 20% part with Exploratory Factor Analysis. Later on, the structure was re-examined in the second 40% part with Confirmatory Factor Analysis, confirming the unidimensional structure of FS. This unidimensional structure was further cross-validated in the third part of the sample having equal power to the second one (40%) with a second CFA. In the final phase of the 3-faced validation method, strict measurement invariance was evaluated. The Tripartite Model of Mental well-being and the Two-Continua Well-being Model were also evaluated using FS as a well-being measure supporting FS construct validity further. Reliability (α and ω) and AVE convergent validity were also examined. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined using 12 different measures. Normative data were also calculated. Considering all findings, FS is gender invariant, reliable, and valid measure for the Greek cultural context.
Highlights
IntroductionWell-being has been the focal point of western and eastern moral philosophers
The present study focuses on the following objectives: 1) To validate the Flourishing Scale (FS), Greek version in an adult sample of the general adult population using the 3-faced validation method (Kyriazos, Stalikas, Prassa, & Yotsidi, 2018a, 2018b) with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA); 2) To establish strict measurement invariance across gender; 3) To test two well-being models using FS as a well-being measure, namely the two continua model (Keyes, 2002, 2005) and the Tripartite Model of Mental well-being proposed by (Keyes, 2002; see Diener et al, 2010); 4) To examine internal consistency reliability and convergent/discriminant validity with 12 different measures
The first 20% of the total sample was used for EFA, the second 40% for CFA, and the third 40%—a sample of equal power—for another CFA
Summary
Well-being has been the focal point of western and eastern moral philosophers. The positive psychology movement highlighted that well-being is not the absence of ill-being. Lack of negative affect and illness does not equal the presence of positive affect and well-being or flourishing (Seligman, 2002; Seligman, 2011). Two well-being approaches emerged: the subjective well-being (hedonic) and the psychological well-being (eudaimonic), or hedonia and eudemonia (Ryan & Deci, 2001)
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