Abstract
IntroductionDeveloping instruments to screen for relevant aspects of advanced illness is key to identifying palliative needs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in this population. The objective of this project is to validate the Death and Dying Distress Scale in Spanish (DADDS-Sp) for screening anxiety about death and evaluating psychometric properties for people with advanced cancer.MethodsDADDS is a 15-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses thoughts and feelings related to death and the process of dying. A cross-sectional, descriptive, psychometric validation study was conducted in two cancer centres in Santiago de Chile. Included were patients over 18 years of age with incurable and/or metastatic cancer, fluent in Spanish, and a life expectancy of more than 3 months. Reliability was analysed using Cronbach’s alpha, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed following the model of the original scale.ResultsSeventy four patients participated in the study. The median age was 63 years. Of the sample, 59% identified themselves as women. On average, participants reported low anxiety about death (mean = 21, SD = 18). Women have more death anxiety. The reliability analysis yielded a value of α = 0.93 (IC = 0.91–0.95). Factor analysis with a one-factor structure yielded Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0. 0.972, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.092, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) = 0.085 and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.968. The model with a two-factor structure yielded CFI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.059, SRMR = 0.075 and TLI = 0.987, suggesting that the two-factor model has a better fit for the data studied.ConclusionsDADDS-Sp is psychometrically valid for use in a Spanish-speaking population, yielding high reliability and internal consistency. A majority of the Chilean patients reported a low level of anxiety about death although about 10% presented with severe anxiety, so their identification for adequate clinical management is fundamental.
Highlights
Developing instruments to screen for relevant aspects of advanced illness is key to identifying palliative needs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in this population
Death and Dying Distress Scale (DADDS)-Sp is psychometrically valid for use in a Spanish-speaking population, yielding high reliability and internal consistency
A majority of the Chilean patients reported a low level of anxiety about death about 10% presented with severe anxiety, so their identification for adequate clinical management is fundamental
Summary
Developing instruments to screen for relevant aspects of advanced illness is key to identifying palliative needs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in this population. The development of indicators and instruments for screening and measuring relevant aspects specific to advanced illness is key to identifying palliative needs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in this population. People diagnosed with an illness with a life-limiting prognosis are confronted with the physical burden of the illness and the existential questions about their own mortality, which may trigger intense and distressing emotional responses These reactions, added to the physical symptoms and the deterioration from advanced illness, can lead to a state of significant suffering, loss of meaning in life and a desire to hasten death [4]. To prevent and alleviate suffering in a timely manner, psychosocial assessment of the patient and their support network should be part of the standard of care for palliative care, and as such, implemented regularly and as early as possible, as soon as the patient is formally admitted to a palliative care unit or their health condition warrants an evaluation of this type [5,6,7]
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