Abstract
The study was conducted with the aim to assess the psychometric measures of an adapted Arabic version of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) among medical students at Sana'a University, Yemen. The cross-sectional study targeted 360 students (males: 176; females: 184) from the preclinical 3rd year (N: 197) and the final clinical year (N: 163). Participants self-filled an Arabic and slightly modified version of the 8-item Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Exploratory Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were conducted on two equal subsets of the sample (N: 180 each). The PCA yielded a two-dimension model subsequently confirmed by factor analysis. The first dimension was grouped on three items while the second dimension had five items reflecting the respondents' propensity to sleep during “interactive situations” and “sitting and lying,” respectively. The model had an acceptable goodness of fit measures for the overall ESS (CMINDF = 2.362, CFI = 0.91, IFI = 0.92) and acceptable reliability indicators (factor 1 α = 0.65, factor 2 α = 0.62). However, due to weak variance explanation (0.07) of item 6 (sitting and talking) in factor 1, analysis was repeated excluding this item. The 7-item model was also two-dimensional, valid, and reliable. The reliability indicators were acceptable with α = 0.65 for factor 1 (4 items of interactive situations) and 0.62 for factor 2 (3 items of sitting) and overall α = 0.68. Overall, the ESS is a useful tool. Factor analysis produced a two-factor model of 7 items with good validity and reasonable reliability that can be used in diagnosing daytime sleepiness among young Yemeni adults.
Highlights
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) is described by Johns [1] as “a symptom arising at any time from an excessive propensity to become drowsy or to fall asleep, when the intention and expectation is to remain awake and alert at the time.” Several methods and tools were developed to assess sleepiness whether objectively using standardized methods or subjectively by seeking the individual’s account [1] of their sleepiness
This paper presents an analysis of the psychometric measures of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in the Adapted Arabic-Yemeni version
The results report of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was free of offending estimate
Summary
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) is described by Johns [1] as “a symptom arising at any time from an excessive propensity to become drowsy or to fall asleep, when the intention and expectation is to remain awake and alert at the time.” Several methods and tools were developed to assess sleepiness whether objectively using standardized methods or subjectively by seeking the individual’s account [1] of their sleepiness. Respondents rate on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3) their usual chances of having dozed off or fallen asleep while engaged in eight different situations such as sitting and reading, lying down after lunch without alcohol, and being a passenger in a car for an hour without a break. These situations pertain to body positions and activities that have varying effects on an individual’s tendency to doze off or, in other words, varying degrees of somnificity [9, 10]. The “normal” ASP or ESS score ranges from zero to 10, a value estimated and confirmed by data from the general population in several
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