Validation of Surface Temperature Measurements on a Combustor Liner Under Full-Load Conditions Using a Novel Thermal History Paint

Abstract

The ever-increasing requirements on gas turbine efficiency, which are at least partially met by increasing firing temperatures, and the simultaneous demand for reduced emissions, necessitate much more accurate calculations of the combustion process and combustor wall temperatures. Thermocouples give locally very accurate measurements of these temperatures, but there is a practical limit to the amount of measurement points. Thermal paints are another established measurement technique, but are toxic and at the same time require dedicated, short-duration tests. Thermal History Paints (THPs) provide an innovative alternative to the aforementioned techniques, but so far only a limited number of tests has been conducted under real engine conditions. THPs are similar in their chemical and physical make-up to conventional thermographic phosphors which have been successfully used in gas turbine applications for on-line temperature detection before. A typical THP comprises of oxide ceramic pigments and a water based binder. The ceramic is synthesized to be amorphous and when heated it crystallizes, permanently changing the microstructure. The ceramic is doped with lanthanide ions to make it phosphorescent. The lanthanide ions act as atomic level sensors and as the structure of the material changes, so do the phosphorescent properties of the material. By measuring the phosphorescence the maximum temperature of exposure can be determined through calibration, enabling post operation measurements at ambient conditions. This paper describes a test in which THP was applied to an impingement-cooled front panel from a combustor of an industrial gas turbine. Since this component sees a wide range of temperatures, it is ideally suited for the testing of the measurement techniques under real engine conditions. The panel was instrumented with a thermocouple and thermal paint was applied to the cold side of the impingement plate. THP was applied to the hot-gas side of this plate for validation against the other measurement techniques and to evaluate its resilience against the reacting hot gas environment. The durability and temperature results of the three different measurement techniques are discussed. The results demonstrate the benefits of THPs as a new temperature profiling technique. It is shown that the THP exhibited greater durability compared to the conventional thermal paint. Furthermore, the new technology provided detailed measurements down to millimeters indicating local temperature variations and global variations over the complete component.