Validation of Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire - Short form, in Spanish, general health care services patients sample: Prediction of depression through mindfulness scale.

Marco Innamorati,Ángela Asensio-Martínez,Javier García-Campayo,Jesus Montero-Marin,Maria Teresa Navarro-Gil,Barbara Masluk,Rosa Magallón-Botaya,Bárbara Olivan-Blázquez

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214503

Abstract

The validation of Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)—short version was performed in a general population of a city in a region of Galicia (Spain), the sample was composed of randomly selected Spanish Health Care patients (N = 845). The results on the goodness of fit of the non-hierarchical, five-dimensional factorial model met the criteria for good and acceptable model adjustment (after eliminating item 18 and despite the correlations detected among the errors included in the model), explaining a 55.5%.of the variance. As the second objective has been analysed the association between the scores obtained in the different facets of the FFMQ-SF and the risk of suffering an episode of depression. (The Odd Ratio, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the ROC curve were calculated.) Participants who were currently suffering from an episode of depression were more likely to have low scores in "describing" facet of Mindfulness (adjusted OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.04–2.40, linear trend: χ2 = 3.74, df = 1, p = 0.053) as well as low scores on "acting with awareness" (adjusted OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.461–3.30, linear trend: χ2 = 9.52, df = 1; = 0.002) and "non judging" (adjusted OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.36–3.09, linear trend: χ2 = 143.21, df = 1; p <0.001). Participants with a previous episode of depression were more likely to have low scores on the subscale "acting with awareness" (adjusted OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.43–3.93, linear trend: χ2 = 9.62, df = 1, p = 0.002) and "non-reactivity" (adjusted OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.28–3.56, linear trend: χ2 = 8.30; df = 1; p = 0.004. Questionnaire FFMQ-SF is an adequate questionnaire for the evaluation of mindfulness in non-clinical multi- occupational population.

Highlights

The concept of Mindfulness is the English translation of the term "sati" of the Pali language, which carries the meaning of attention or being conscious, and being present [1]
Mindfulness can be considered as a psychological resource to increase awareness and skillfully responding to mental processes that contribute to psycho-emotional stress and poor adaptive functioning [3]
Participants with low scores in "describe" were more likely to have depression

Summary

Introduction

The concept of Mindfulness is the English translation of the term "sati" of the Pali language (language of Buddhist scriptures), which carries the meaning of attention or being conscious, and being present [1]. In terms of biological-neuronal functioning, mindfulness is considered a trainable construct and its training is associated with the regulation of emotions "top-down" in the short term practitioners, and with ’bottom-up’ in the long term practioners [5]. In the absence of consensus about the construction there are several questionnaires that measure mindfulness considered as a multifaceted construct (scales that contain subscales that measure their dimensions separately), or a one-dimensional construct (unitary scale). Likewise, it can be measured as a trait or as a psychological state

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion