Abstract
BackgroundPerceived beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening are important predictors for mammography utilization. This study adapted and validated the Champion's scale in Peru. This scale measures perceived susceptibility for breast cancer and perceived benefits and barriers for mammography.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among women ages 40 to 65 attending outpatient gynecology services in a public hospital in Peru. A group of experts developed and pre-tested a Spanish version of the Champion's scale to assess its comprehensibility (N = 20). Factor analysis, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability analyses were performed (N = 285). Concurrent validity compared scores from participants who had a mammogram and those who did not have it in the previous 15 months. T-test and multiple regression analysis adjusting for socio-demographic factors, mammography knowledge and other preventive behaviors were performed.ResultsThe construct validity and reliability were optimal. Cronbach-Alpha coefficients were 0.75 (susceptibility), 0.72 (benefits) and 0.86 (barriers). Concurrent validity analysis showed an association between barriers and mammography screening use in bivariate (22.3 ± 6.7 vs. 30.2 ± 7.6; p < 0.001) and multiple regression analysis (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.18-0.43). Ages 50-60 years (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.19-4.65), history of prior Papanicolaou test (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.84-7.40), and knowledge about breast cancer and mammography (OR = 3.69, 95% CI = 1.84-7.40) were also independently associated with mammography screening use.ConclusionConcurrent validity analysis showed that the Champion's scale has important limitations for assessing perceived susceptibility for breast cancer and perceived benefits for mammography among Peruvian women. There is still a need for developing valid and reliable instruments for measuring perceived beliefs about breast cancer and mammography screening among Peruvian women.
Highlights
Perceived beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening are important predictors for mammography utilization
In the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) we identified three dimensions that overall accounted for 48% of the variance
Each of the three dimensions extracted from the EFA had eigenvalues higher than 1 and corresponded to the dimensions of barriers, benefits and susceptibilities of the 1999 revised Champion’s scale
Summary
Perceived beliefs about breast cancer and breast cancer screening are important predictors for mammography utilization. This study adapted and validated the Champion’s scale in Peru. This scale measures perceived susceptibility for breast cancer and perceived benefits and barriers for mammography. In contrast to the decline in mortality associated with the successful implementation of screening programs for early detection of uterine cervical cancer in Peru [2,3], the efforts to reduce breast cancer morbidity and mortality are still. In Peru, breast cancer screening programs have been implemented following this recommendation. The cost of screening mammograms in Peru varies from 20 to 100 US dollars for uninsured women, who represent half of the country’s female population. Insured and uninsured women in Peru can access mammograms through public and private clinics via providers’ referral or through local diagnostic centers that offer screening without a physician’s order
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