Validation of a short food group questionnaire to determine intakes from healthy and unhealthy food groups in 5-9-year-old South African children.

Abstract

Reliable dietary data for children are necessary to investigate associations with health outcomes. The present study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to determine the frequency of intakes of specific healthy and unhealthy food groups in young children. Participants were 5-9-year-old South African children (n = 920) from 10 urban schools. Their parents completed a demographic questionnaire and the food intake questionnaire with food pictures. Based on the literature, four healthy food groups (fruits, vegetables, milk, meat/fish/poultry/eggs) and six unhealthy food groups (hot and cold sugar-sweetened beverages, candy, salty snacks, cakes and fast foods) were included, with five different frequency responses. Six experienced nutritionists assessed the face validity and content validity. After pilot testing, construct validity and homogeneity were determined in the participants. Convergent validity was determined using urinary sodium and potassium concentrations as biological intake markers. Nutritionists confirmed face and content validity. Caregivers confirmed understanding of the questionnaire. Three factors explained 50.2% of the variance, with most unhealthy food groups as factor 1, fruits and vegetables as factor 2, and animal source protein and milk groups clustered with sugar-sweetened beverages as factor 3. The frequency of milk group, fruits and vegetables intake correlated negatively, whereas the frequency of salty snacks and fast foods intakes correlated positively with the urinary sodium:potassium ratio. The healthy and unhealthy food group questionnaire has advantages of low respondent burden, as well as acceptable content and convergent validity in South African children. The questionnaire may be used to investigate associations between food intakes and health outcomes.