Abstract
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins produced mainly by fungi of the Claviceps genus, as Claviceps purpurea. The fungus infects the seed heads of living plants, specially cereals, at the time of flowering replacing the developing grain or seed with specialized fungal structures known as sclerotium (or ergot body), which contains alkaloid substances. More than 50 different EAs have been identified, being the major compounds: ergometrine (Em), ergosine (Es), ergotamine (Et), ergocornine (Eco), ergokryptine (Ekr), ergocristine (Ecr), and their corresponding epimers, ergometrinine (Emn), ergosinine (Esn), ergotaminine (Etn), ergocorninine (Econ), ergokryptinine (Ekrn) and ergocristinine (Ecrn). Although the sclerotia can be mechanically removed during the harvesting process, EAs can be found in cereal-based food and feed, and their ingestion might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. The European Commission has established a maximum content of 0.5 g/kg of ergot sclerotia in most unprocessed cereals; however, the maximum content for EAs in food is still under study. In this work, we propose the extraction and quantification of the main EAs and their epimers in different oat-based products by QuEChERS extraction followed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The recoveries ranged between 89 and 106%, with a matrix effect lower than 20% in most cases and precision (intra- and interday), expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), lower than 15%. Procedural calibration curves were established and limits of detection and quantification were below 1.0 μg/kg and 3.2 μg/kg, respectively. Finally, 25 oat-based samples (including bran, flakes, juices, hydroalcoholic extracts, flours, tablets and grass) were analyzed. One of the samples of oat bran was contaminated with Em, Emn, Es and Esn in the range of 1.1-7.2 μg/kg, with a total content of EAs of 10.7 μg/kg. Acknowledgements: Financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Project Ref.: RTI2018-097043-B-I00).
Highlights
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins produced mainly by fungi of the Claviceps genus, as Claviceps purpurea
The fungus infects the seed heads of living plants, specially cereals, at the time of flowering replacing the developing grain or seed with specialized fungal structures known as sclerotium, which contains alkaloid substances
The sclerotia can be mechanically removed during the harvesting process, EAs can be found in cereal-based food, and their ingestion might cause adverse health effects in humans
Summary
Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are mycotoxins produced mainly by fungi of the Claviceps genus, as Claviceps purpurea. The fungus infects the seed heads of living plants, specially cereals, at the time of flowering replacing the developing grain or seed with specialized fungal structures known as sclerotium (or ergot body), which contains alkaloid substances. The sclerotia can be mechanically removed during the harvesting process, EAs can be found in cereal-based food, and their ingestion might cause adverse health effects in humans. The European Comission has established a maximum content of 0.5 g/kg of ergot sclerotia in most unprocessed cereals; the maximum content for EAs in food is still under study. EFSA has stated that collection of analytical data are required in order to define the variability of EAs in food and feed commodities, paying special attention to processed foods
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