Validation of a German Adaptation of the Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS) for Measuring Self-Stigmatization of People with Depression (SSDS-D)

Abstract

The 16-item Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS) was developed to measure anticipated self-stigma hypothetically in case of depression. It is perfect for assessing anticipated self-stigma in community samples. However, in clinical samples measuring actual experienced instead of hypothetical self-stigma may be more appropriate. Aims of this study were the adaptation and validation of the SSDS specifically for people with depression. The abbreviation SSDS-D will be used in the following (D for depression) for this adapted version. All 16 items were translated into German and changed into indicative. Factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity were tested in two independent clinical samples (NA=550; NB=180). In sample A, the original structure of four factors (representing Shame, Self-Blame, Help-Seeking Inhibition, and Social Inadequacy) could be replicated in exploratory factor analyses with the exception of one item. In sample B, confirmatory factor analyses indicated a better fit for the empirically derived than for the alternatively tested original factor structure. Internal consistencies of subscales were satisfying to very good. Even controlled for current depressive symptoms, there were significant correlations to self-esteem and other self-stigma scales as expected, supporting the construct validity of SSDS-D. The SSDS-D appears to be a valid and reliable scale covering experienced self-stigma of people with depression. It may be used in clinical samples to identify correlates, test theoretical models and the efficacy of interventions.