Abstract
Well-being has been measured based on different perspectives in positive psychology. However, it is necessary to measure affects and emotions correctly and to explore the independence of positive and negative affect. This cross-sectional study adapts and validates the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) with a non-probabilistic sample of 821 Spanish adults. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed two related factors with two correlated errors. The average variance extracted was 0.502 for negative affect (SPANE-N) and 0.588 for positive affect (SPANE-P). The composite reliability was 0.791 for SPANE-N and 0.858 for SPANE-P. Measurement invariance analysis showed evidence of scalar invariance. Item-total corrected polyserial correlations showed values between 0.47 and 0.76. The path analysis used to test temporal stability, and the structural equation models used to test convergent and concurrent validity with other well-being measures, showed good fit. All path coefficients were statistically significant and over 0.480. For the validity models, the magnitude of the correlations was large and in the expected direction. The Spanish version of the SPANE show good psychometric properties. Future studies of emotional well-being in Spain can benefit from the use of this scale, and new studies must test cross-cultural invariance.
Highlights
The pursuit of happiness and human well-being have been central themes in literature, philosophy, and theology
We study the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE)’s measurement invariance for gender and use structural equation modeling (SEM) to study its factor structure, the test–retest reliability, and correlations with other well-being measures
We found that the model with two correlated factors with correlated errors had the best fit, which is in line with the Chinese validation of the SPANE [23]
Summary
The pursuit of happiness and human well-being have been central themes in literature, philosophy, and theology. Positive psychology has studied the psychological processes that underlie the search for happiness and that promote greater well-being [1,2,3]. Different constructs have been proposed to operationalize happiness and well-being, including satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect, and personal growth and development. These constructs are usually grouped into two different research perspectives: eudemonic and hedonic. The eudemonic perspective, represented by psychological well-being (PWB), associates the well-being of the individual with the development of human potential. According to this perspective, well-being is intrinsically linked to the performance of activities congruent with the deep values
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