Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women and their offspring may result in unfavorable health outcomes for both mother and infant. A 25hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level of at least 75 nmol/L is recommended by the Endocrine Society. Validated, automated sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were used to determine the vitamin D metabolites status in mother-infant pairs. Detection of 3-Epi25(OH)D3 prevented overestimation of 25(OH)D3 and misclassification of vitamin D status. Sixty-three percent of maternal 25(OH)D plasma levels were less than the recommended level of 25(OH)D at 3 months. Additionally, breastmilk levels of 25(OH)D decreased from 60.1 nmol/L to 50.0 nmol/L between six weeks and three months (p < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between mother and infant plasma levels (p < 0.01, r = 0.56) at 3 months. Accordingly, 31% of the infants were categorized as vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L) compared to 25% if 3-Epi25(OH)D3 was not distinguished from 25(OH)D3. This study highlights the importance of accurate quantification of 25(OH)D. Monitoring vitamin D metabolites in infant, maternal plasma, and breastmilk may be needed to ensure adequate levels in both mother and infant in the first 6 months of infant life.
Highlights
Vitamin D plays an important role in bone metabolism
The C3 epimer forms of vitamin D3 have less affinity toward vitamin D protein and even lower affinity for vitamin D receptors compared to 25(OH)D3
The Waters Quattro PremierTM /XE is equipped with an electronspray ion source and Agilent 6495B is equipped with a jet stream electronspray ion source
Summary
Vitamin D plays an important role in bone metabolism. It regulates the calcium and phosphate in the body, making it important for muscle, tooth, and growth development [1]. It may play an important role in immune system regulation [2,3]. The C3 epimer forms of vitamin D3 have less affinity toward vitamin D protein and even lower affinity for vitamin D receptors compared to 25(OH)D3. The 3-Epi25(OH)D3 binds to vitamin D receptor (VDR) at 2–3% the affinity of 25(OH)D3 [5]. Further studies on the function and source of 3-Epi25(OH)D3 in humans are warranted
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