Validation and application of a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for simultaneous quantification of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma using semi-automated 96-well liquid–liquid extraction

Abstract

Kaletra is an important antiretroviral drug, which has been developed by Abbott Laboratories. It is composed of lopinavir (low-pin-a-veer) and ritonavir (ri-toe-na-veer). Both have been proved to be human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors and have substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-1 infection. We have developed and validated an assay, using liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), for the routine quantification of lopinavir and ritonavir in human plasma, in which lopinavir and ritonavir can be simultaneously analyzed with high throughput. The sample preparation consisted of liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of hexane: ethyl acetate (1:1, v/v), using 100 μL of plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Symmetry C 18 column (150 mm × 3.9 mm, particle size 5 μm) with reverse-phase isocratic using mobile phase of 70:30 (v/v) acetonitrile: 2 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution containing 0.01% formic acid (v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Waters symmetry C 18 guard column (20 mm × 3.9 mm, particle size 5 μm) was connected prior to the analytical column, and a guard column back wash was performed to reduce the analytical column contamination using a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF), methanol and water (45:45:10, v/v/v). The analytical run was 4 min. The use of a 96-well plate autosampler allowed a batch size up to 73 study samples. A triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in a positive ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for drug quantification. The method was validated over the concentration ranges of 19–5300 ng/mL for lopinavir and 11–3100 ng/mL for ritonavir. A-86093 was used as an internal standard (I.S.). The relative standard deviation (RSD) were <6% for both lopinavir and ritonavir. Mean accuracies were between the designed limits (±15%). The robust and rapid LC/MS/MS assay has been successfully applied for routine assay to support bioavailability, bioequivalence, and pharmacokinetics studies.