Abstract
<p style="text-align:justify">Many researchers have separately developed instruments to measure environmental characteristics such as attitudes, values, and knowledge. However, there is no instrument used to measure all these aspects in one comprehensive instrument. This study is meant to develop and validate a green character instrument which reveals student behavior and awareness of the environment. The instrument consists of 40 statement items consisting of 5 aspects, namely private pro-environmental behavior, public pro-environmental behavior, environmental knowledge, environmental values, and environmental attitudes. It was implemented on 1,398 students from 15 universities in Indonesia. The instrument content validation was analyzed by three experts using content validity index (CVI). The construct validity was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and RASCH analysis. The content validity results obtained CVI scores ranging between 0.8 and 0.9 with a good category, while item reliability was in a fairly good category with a high level of separation index. Construct validation resulted in 34 items (4 items were eliminated after Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and 2 items were eliminated after RASCH analysis) spread over five constructs, namely environmental behavior, environmental knowledge, environmental values, environmental attitudes, and environmental habits. The resulting instrument has a good level of item difficulty, with a well understood response set which can be understood easily by respondents, and without bias. Therefore, it can be used to measure the students’ green character on both male and female.</p>
Highlights
Character as a part of humanity (Pradhan, 2009) in the form of values, beliefs, good and bad behavior (Rahman et al, 2020; Ryan, 2013), and morality (Sari et al, 2021) is used to think and behave (Maisardi, 2017)
The results of content validity index (CVI) analysis on 40 green character instrument items show that the CVI values range from 0.8-0.9 for all aspects
In addition to the adequacy of the sample, the assumption that must be met in the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) is that there should be relationship between variables in the factors (Matore et al, 2019) which is indicated by the value of Bartlett's Test of Sphericity (BTS) which must be less than 0.05 (Chan & Idris, 2017)
Summary
Character as a part of humanity (Pradhan, 2009) in the form of values, beliefs, good and bad behavior (Rahman et al, 2020; Ryan, 2013), and morality (Sari et al, 2021) is used to think and behave (Maisardi, 2017). By using the term green character, all behaviors, attitudes, knowledge, values, and all things with a positive impact on the environment can be covered which makes this term more universal. The research conducted by Stern (2000) only developed an instrument to measure pro-environmental behavior, while Raymond et al (2010) focused on the knowledge aspect. The results of this study can be used as a reference for other researchers in different countries which have similar or even the same cultural and socioeconomic conditions to Indonesia, which will make this instrument will be more contextual and precise to measure the "green character" of students. Instruments validated of this study can be used to measure students' green character precisely because it is contextual and in accordance with the conditions experienced by students
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