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Abstract
Simple SummaryEvidence of bumble bee population declines has led to an increase in conservation efforts to protect these important pollinators. However, effective conservation requires accurate species identification. We provide quantitative methods to accurately identify three cryptic species of bumble bees using morphometric measurements of the cheek length and width, and antennal segments. We validated the accuracy of our methods with DNA analysis. We predicted that these methods would reliably identify both the queens and worker bees of Bombus vagans and B. sandersoni. We expanded these methods to include an uncommon form of Bombus perplexus with all light hair on its thorax, rather than the more common light on top and dark below, that can mistakenly be identified as B. vagans or B. sandersoni. Although the species we consider here, Bombus vagans, B. sandersoni and B. perplexus, are not currently listed as species of concern in North America, there is uncertainty of their population status, some of which is due to difficulty in species identification, which we have resolved. Recent history informs us that some bumble bee species experience rapid declines within a few decades. Our methods to correctly identify these cryptic species is key to monitoring their status and population trends.Despite their large size and striking markings, the identification of bumble bees (Bombus spp.) is surprisingly difficult. This is particularly true for three North American sympatric species in the subgenus Pyrobombus that are often misidentified: B. sandersoni Franklin, B. vagans Smith B. perplexus Cresson. Traditionally, the identification of these cryptic species was based on observations of differences in hair coloration and pattern and qualitative comparisons of morphological characters including malar length. Unfortunately, these characteristics do not reliably separate these species. We present quantitative morphometric methods to separate these species based on the malar length to width ratio (MRL) and the ratios of the malar length to flagellar segments 1 (MR1) and 3 (MR3) for queens and workers, and validated our determinations based on DNA barcoding. All three measurements discriminated queens of B. sandersoni and B. vagans with 100% accuracy. For workers, we achieved 99% accuracy by combining both MR1 and MR3 measurements, and 100% accuracy differentiating workers using MRL. Moreover, measurements were highly repeatable within and among both experienced and inexperienced observers. Our results, validated by genetic evidence, demonstrate that malar measurements provide accurate identifications of B. vagans and B. sandersoni. There was considerable overlap in the measurements between B. perplexus and B. sandersoni. However, these species can usually be reliably separated by combining malar ratio measurements with other morphological features like hair color. The ability to identify bumble bees is key to monitoring the status and trends of their populations, and the methods we present here advance these efforts.
Highlights
Recent reports of major declines in global insect populations are cause for concern [1,2,3,4].While declines are occurring in most groups of insects, severe declines have been noted in wild bee populations [5], bumble bees Bombus Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) since the mid-twentieth century [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
When we used hair color or observations of the malar length as characters to separate B. sandersoni, B. vagans, and B. perplexus based on descriptions found in taxonomic sources e.g., [23,27,38] our rate of correct identification was far lower than the identification rate using our morphometric measurements
For country and state-wide monitoring programs, or large-scale community science programs such as Bumble Bee Watch and their associated conservation projects, providing accurate information on bumble bee population size and distribution depends on reliable identifications
Summary
While declines are occurring in most groups of insects, severe declines have been noted in wild bee populations [5], bumble bees Bombus Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) since the mid-twentieth century [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14] These declines have been attributed to a wide range of factors including habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, intensified use of pesticides in agriculture, loss of floral resources, disease, and invasive species [6,7,8,9,10,15,16]. Franklin [25] confessed that he had “much difficulty in describing the colors exhibited by the pile of the various species.” errors in identification may result without careful examination of morphological characters [28,31,32]
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