Abstract

Monitoring and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the environment constitute important and challenging tasks, as they are directly associated with human health. Three commonly used proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), namely, omeprazole sodium (OMP), pantoprazole sodium (PNT), and lansoprazole sodium (LNZ) are well separated and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. The separation of the studied drugs was performed on a stationary phase with a WatersTM column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm). The mobile phase was composed of methanol:0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 7.5 using NaOH) (50:50, v/v). The elution process was done in gradient mode by changing the relative proportions of the mobile phase components with time to get an optimum separation pattern. The flow rate of the developing system was adjusted to 0.8 mL/minute. Detection of the separated drugs was performed at 230 nm. The studied drugs were quantified in the concentration range of 10–200 ng/mL for all drugs. The cited method was fully validated according to the international conference on harmonization (ICH-Q2B) guidelines, then it was applied successfully for quantification of the studied PPIs in real wastewater samples after their solid phase extraction (SPE).

Highlights

  • Stomach acid is a natural and valuable chemical contributor to the digestion process

  • Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of medications whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction in stomach acid production. They are widely prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid reflux, heartburn, and stomach ulcers

  • This work demonstrates the capability of selective simultaneous quantification of three commonly used PPI drug residues in pharmaceutical wastewater samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) in wastewater samples, which in turn, make the environmental monitoring task of the studied drugs, an easy process

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Summary

Introduction

Stomach acid is a natural and valuable chemical contributor to the digestion process. In excess or in the wrong place it is a menace, inflaming and irritating the esophagus. It may cause heartburn and sometimes contribute to the development of ulcers in the stomach, the duodenum, and the first part of the small intestine. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of medications whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction in stomach acid production. They are widely prescribed for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), acid reflux, heartburn, and stomach ulcers. They are considered an important component in the triple therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection [1]

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