Abstract
Currently, the primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images. However, this approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. 3D facial photography has been recently introduced as a risk-free alternative that overcomes these limitations. However, the proper reference areas that should be used to superimpose serial 3D facial images of growing individuals are not yet known. Here, we tested various 3D facial photo superimposition reference areas and compared their outcomes to those of a standard anterior cranial base superimposition technique. We found that a small rectangular area on the forehead plus an area including the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen provided comparable results to the standard technique and showed adequate reproducibility. Other reference areas that have been used so far in the literature were less reliable. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and easily obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals.
Highlights
The primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images
Three dimensional superimposition techniques utilize the whole amount of 3D information for a detailed assessment and visualization of facial changes
According to two independent assessors, the qualitative assessment of the colour coded distance maps showing the T0–T1 changes detected by the anterior cranial base (ACB) voxel-based and the five surface-based superimposition techniques showed a clear inconsistency between Area 1 and Area 2 surface-based techniques and the voxel-based technique
Summary
The primary techniques applied for the assessment of facial changes over time utilize 2D images. This approach has important limitations related to the dimensional reduction and the accuracy of the used data. Within the limitations of the study, a valid superimposition reference area for serial 3D facial images of growing individuals is suggested. The method has potential to greatly expand the possibilities of this highly informative, risk free, and obtained 3D tool for the assessment of facial changes in growing individuals. Three dimensional superimposition techniques utilize the whole amount of 3D information for a detailed assessment and visualization of facial changes They consist a valuable tool for treatment planning and outcome assessment. The evidence supporting the adequacy of such methods is limited, especially in growing patients and for medium- to long-term assessments, where facial changes are expected to occur even without any intervention
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