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Abstract
While contraceptive drugs have enabled many people to decide when they want to have a baby, more than 100 million unintended pregnancies each year in the world may indicate the contraceptive requirement of many people has not been well addressed yet. The vagina is a well-established and practical route for the delivery of various pharmacological molecules, including contraceptives. This review aims to present an overview of different contraceptive methods focusing on the vaginal route of delivery for contraceptives, including current developments, discussing the potentials and limitations of the modern methods, designs, and how well each method performs for delivering the contraceptives and preventing pregnancy.
Highlights
Poor user adherence to pill regimens is responsible for the considerable difference between thenumber of women experiencing an unplanned pregnancy within the first year of use of oral contraceptives with perfect use (0.3%) and typical use (8%) [5]
Other common detergent-type vaginal spermicide includes p-menthanyl-phenylpolyoxyethylene (8,8) ether, or menfegol, which is available in a foaming tablet formulation and isooctyl-phenyl-polyoxyethylene-(9) ether, or octoxynol-9, which was removed from the US market due to failure in providing new studies required by FDA [111]
With a smooth and immobile surface with specific permeability properties, makes it a suitable route for placement and delivery of drugs such as contraceptives in a controlled manner compared to the traditional oral form
Summary
Approximately 213 million pregnancies occur, and as many as 99 million of these pregnancies are not intended [1]. The vaginal counterpart avoids the gastrointestinal and hepatic first-pass effect. Due to the presence of a dense network of blood vessels, the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism and a high permeability for drugs (especially low molecular weight drugs), the vaginal route is a convenient route for drug delivery [6,7]. Vaginal contraceptives, such as gels and rings, are discreet and reversible. This review aims to discuss available contraceptives as well as the ongoing research on the design of novel vaginal contraceptive systems
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