Vacuum ultraviolet excited state dynamics of the smallest ring, cyclopropane. I. A reinterpretation of the electronic spectrum and the effect of intensity borrowing.

Abstract

Cyclopropane, the smallest organic ring compound, exhibits complex spectroscopy and excited state dynamics. In Paper I, we reinterpret the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) electronic absorption spectrum of cyclopropane via ab initio computation. The first two bands in the VUV spectrum are simulated using wavepacket propagations employing the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartee method and a newly parameterized linear vibronic coupling Hamiltonian. The parameters of the model Hamiltonian are obtained directly from high level multireference configuration interaction calculations. An analysis of the results, with an emphasis on previously neglected vibronic coupling effects, reveals that these vibronic coupling terms must be included in order to account for strong intensity borrowing effects. This treatment dramatically changes the assignment of much of the VUV spectrum, with intensity borrowing by the optically dark (σ3p x /3p y ) and (σ3p x /3p y ) states from the E'(σ3p x /3p y ) state being found to give rise to almost all the spectral intensities below 8 eV. This is in stark contrast to previous studies, which attributed the first two bands to transitions to the E'(σ3p x /3p y ) state. This highlights the limitations of assigning spectral features based solely on calculated electronic excitation energies and oscillator strengths. Furthermore, we address the significant but infrequently discussed difficulties involved in determining the electronic character of a wavepacket produced in the pump step of ultrafast pump-probe experiments for systems exhibiting strong vibronic coupling.