Abstract
Accelerator vacuum systems must be measured in kilometres rather than metres and operate down to or below 10 −8 Pa. Vacuum requirements and design constraints are reviewed for different machines using, as examples, the intersecting storage rings (ISR) for protons, the large electron positron (LEP) machine for electrons and the ‘cold-bore’ large hadron collider (LHC) again for protons. Various dynamic interactions between the particle beam and the vacuum system which are specific to accelerators are described. This is followed by a general discussion on pumping, especially distributed NEG pumping, cold-bore design and certain operational aspects of large systems.
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