Abstract
Hantaviruses (HVs) are rodent-transmitted viruses that can cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. Together, these viruses have annually caused approximately 200,000 human infections worldwide in recent years, with a case fatality rate of 5–15% for HFRS and up to 40% for HCPS. There is currently no effective treatment available for either HFRS or HCPS. Only whole virus inactivated vaccines against HTNV or SEOV are licensed for use in the Republic of Korea and China, but the protective efficacies of these vaccines are uncertain. To a large extent, the immune correlates of protection against hantavirus are not known. In this review, we summarized the epidemiology, virology, and pathogenesis of four HFRS-causing viruses, HTNV, SEOV, PUUV, and DOBV, and two HCPS-causing viruses, ANDV and SNV, and then discussed the existing knowledge on vaccines and therapeutics against these diseases. We think that this information will shed light on the rational development of new vaccines and treatments.
Highlights
In recent years, the repeated outbreak of hantavirus disease has caused a serious threat to human health
The results showed that the hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) mixture and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) mixture produce neutralizing antibodies against Andes virus (ANDV)/Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Hantan virus (HTNV)/Puumala virus (PUUV), respectively
HFRS and HCPS caused by hantavirus infection are reemerging infectious diseases that greatly threaten global public health
Summary
The repeated outbreak of hantavirus disease has caused a serious threat to human health. Two main doses can help healthy individuals develop immune responses, the three-dose series should be better than the two-dose series (Zheng et al, 2018) Another clinical study in Xian Yang city in northwest China showed that the positive rate of neutralizing antibody in the unvaccinated group was 10.0%, and the positive rate was 80.0, 90.0, 50.0, and 90%, respectively, at 1, 3, 29, and 33 months after immunization with a vaccine consisting of a mixture of inactivated HTNV and SEOV. A variety of DNA vaccines against the hantavirus envelope glycoprotein gene were developed by Hopper’s group (Schmaljohn et al, 2014) Their studies have confirmed that these DNA vaccines produce neutralizing antibodies in multiple experimental animal species and protected hamsters from HFRS (Schmaljohn et al, 2014). Andes virus DNA vaccine for the prevention of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome using the PharmaJetStratis(R) needle-free injection delivery device
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