Abstract
Human sexually transmitted infections are prevalent throughout the world. Several have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome and increased susceptibility to HIV infection, in addition to the discomfort of inflammation of the genital tract. Yet vaccines to protect against the infection at the genital mucosa are not available. Hepatitis B is an exception, but this virus becomes systemic and protection may be at the systemic level. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have long been associated with reproductive failure in cattle. These infections cause considerable economic loss, which has been a stimulus to investigation. Consequently, vaccines and mechanisms of immune protection have been studied quite thoroughly. The results obtained with two commercially available vaccines will be used to illustrate principles of protective immunity against STDs. Both Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis and Tritrichomonas foetus are only transmitted sexually and both cause reproductive failure in cattle.
Highlights
Human sexually transmitted infections are prevalent throughout the world
In spite of this, http://www.rbej.com/content/1/1/118 local immunity eventually clears the infection and local or systemic vaccination with appropriate antigens and adjuvants can enhance the response enough to clear infection before inflammation and reproductive failure result. In both C. fetus and T. foetus infection of the bovine female genital tract, convalescent immunity associated with mucosal IgA antibody is partially protective
Studies with trichomoniasis showed that antigen uptake by the genital epithelium is followed by formation of mucosally associated lymphoid tissue
Summary
Human sexually transmitted infections are prevalent throughout the world. Several have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcome and increased susceptibility to HIV infection, in addition to the discomfort of inflammation of the genital tract. Antigenic variation was detected before the infection was cleared, but the high antibody levels in genital secretions were correlated with termination of infection shortly after the second vaccination in most heifers This illustrates the dynamic interaction between the microbe's evasive mechanism and the protective immune responses of the host. IgA is usually thought to be the major Ig class in protection of mucosal surfaces, but both IgA and IgG1 pathogen specific antibodies were found in vaginal secretions in both the local immune response of infected heifers and after systemic immunization [18]. Systemic priming with TF1.17 antigen and local vaginal boosting with whole trichomonads gave the greatest IgA anti-TF1.17 levels in genital secretions whereas systemic priming and boosting with these antigens in the same adjuvant (Quil A) greatly enriched for IgG antibodies These two regimens were used in virgin heifers, followed by challenge with the standard dose of T. foetus intravaginally to test protection. Http://www.rbej.com/content/1/1/118 local immunity eventually clears the infection and local or systemic vaccination with appropriate antigens and adjuvants can enhance the response enough to clear infection before inflammation and reproductive failure result
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