Abstract
Vaccination is a key component of public health policy with demonstrated cost-effective benefits in protecting both human and animal populations. Vaccines can be manufactured under multiple forms including, inactivated (killed), toxoid, live attenuated, Virus-like Particles, synthetic peptide, polysaccharide, polysaccharide conjugate (glycoconjugate), viral vectored (vector-based), nucleic acids (DNA and mRNA) and bacterial vector/synthetic antigen presenting cells. Several processes are used in the manufacturing of vaccines and recent developments in medical/biomedical engineering, biology, immunology, and vaccinology have led to the emergence of innovative nucleic acid vaccines, a novel category added to conventional and subunit vaccines. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in vaccine technologies and platforms focusing on their mechanisms of action, advantages, and possible drawbacks.
Highlights
Vaccine administration, known as vaccination, is one of the most effective approaches to prevent and control serious, and sometimes deadly, infectious diseases
They are subject to stringent testing and quality standards from local and international regulatory agencies such as the United States Food and Drug Administrations (FDA), the European Medicine Agency (EMA), and World HealthOrganization (WHO), to ensure efficacy and safety
Major regulatory agencies including the Center for Disease Control (CDC), the US FDA, EMA, and WHO concluded that the benefits of vaccination outweighed the risk significantly due to a very low risk of developing thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) in response to these vaccines [103]
Summary
Known as vaccination, is one of the most effective approaches to prevent and control serious, and sometimes deadly, infectious diseases. The ability to respond to such threats in a short period depends on multiple factors including monitoring, pandemic preparedness programs, government/non-government cooperation, national policies, and current technologies and platforms to produce and distribute vaccines. Immediate response strategies such as social distancing, quarantine, and lockdown, control the spread of an emerging. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of our current understanding of vaccine technologies and platforms with a focus on immune response mechanisms, benefits, and potential limitations of conventional and next-generation vaccine technologies and platforms. We believe that this review will assist in improving understanding of the safety and benefits of vaccination for a broad section of society and potentially reduce misinformation and hesitation associated with vaccination
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