Abstract
Simple SummaryHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a significant risk factor for head and neck cancers worldwide, and it is the most common cause of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States. Here, we review the incidence and pathogenesis of HPV-related cancers, the development and approval of HPV prophylactic vaccines, and the use and effectiveness of HPV vaccines around the world. Furthermore, we discuss advances in the development of HPV therapeutic vaccines as well as its associated challenges.The rising incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OPSCC) in the United States is largely attributed to HPV. Prophylactic HPV vaccines have demonstrated effectiveness against oral infection of HPV 16 and HPV 18. We review the global epidemiology and biology of HPV-related cancers as well as the development of HPV vaccines and their use worldwide. We also review the various strategies and challenges in development of therapeutic HPV vaccines.
Highlights
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States and is responsible for an increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OPSCC)
It is widely accepted that this subset of HPV-associated head and neck cancers differ considerably from those that are not HPV related, with major differences in pathogenesis, epidemiology, and prognosis
The HARE-40 is a phase I/II trial of a mRNA-based vaccine against the E6 and E7 oncoproteins in combination with anti-CD40 antibody in patients with HPV 16+ head and neck cancers (NCT03418480) that is active
Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States and is responsible for an increased incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancers (OPSCC). It is widely accepted that this subset of HPV-associated head and neck cancers differ considerably from those that are not HPV related, with major differences in pathogenesis, epidemiology, and prognosis. The p16 protein is frequently overexpressed in HPV-related OPSCC, and it often serves as a surrogate marker of HPV positivity through detection via immunohistochemistry. HPV-related OPSCC patients are frequently younger and have a distinctly improved response to treatment compared to those unrelated to HPV. Prophylactic HPV vaccines have been shown to have a strong protective effect against oral infection of HPV 16 and HPV 18, which are contributors to the vast majority of HPV-positive head and neck cancer cases worldwide. We summarize data on the epidemiology of HPV-positive head and neck cancers, the development and approval of HPV vaccines, and their use around the world
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