Abstract
The colorectal cancer (CRC) is a most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths. Surgical tumor resection remains the primary curative treatment for CRC but nearly 50% of patients with macroscopic clearance of the tumor by surgery relapses. For this purpose new complementary treatments, such as immunotherapy, are being explored. In this article, we analyze and discuss the clinical immunotherapy vaccine studies performed in patients treated for colorectal cancer.
Highlights
Depending on gender, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second and third most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths [1]
Different investigation findings [3,4,5] suggest a role for the immune system in the cancer treatment and positive correlation between tumor infiltrating T cells and patients survival has been observed [6]
Tumor-infiltrating T cells recognize the tumor antigens that are presented in the MHC context while B cells serve as local antigen presenting cells (APC), supporting and enhancing T-cell responses by cytokines and chemokines [8]
Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second (for female) and third (for male) most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths [1]. As spontaneously as therapy-induced, tumor specific immune responses need to be robust in order to attack and eliminate tumor cells. For this purpose, it’s very important that the collaboration between cells of the innate immune system and cells of the adaptive immune system (B and T cells) [7]. Immunotherapy should initiate responses against tumoral antigens and, about them, a significant consideration is whether to use vaccines based on defined antigens or tumor cell derivatives. Many clinical trials have been conducted using active specific immunotherapy (ASI) in CRC, including autologous tumor cell vaccines, defined-tumor protein vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), anti-idiotype vaccines, multi-peptide vaccines, viral vector vaccine, DC (Dendritic Cells) vaccine, and naked DNA vaccine [9]. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of clinical immunotherapy studies performed in CRC patients and speculate on the development of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccination for patient with colorectal cancer
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