Abstract
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made us appreciate how important it is to quickly develop treatments and save lives. The race to develop a vaccine for this novel coronavirus began as soon as the pandemic emerged. Time was the only limiting factor. From the first vaccine developed in 1796 against smallpox to the latest COVID-19 vaccine, there have been several vaccines that have reduced the burden of disease, with the associated mortality and morbidity. Over the years we have seen many new advancements in organism isolation, cell culture, whole-genome sequencing, and recombinant nuclear techniques. These techniques have greatly facilitated the development of vaccines. Each vaccine has its own development story and there is much wisdom to be gained from learning about breakthroughs in vaccine development.
Highlights
Background inoculation practices were started more than 500 years ago, the term vaccine was first described in the 18th century by Edward Jenner
The evolution of cell culture 15 years later led to the creation of the polio vaccine, and this marked the beginning of the golden age of vaccines
The origins of inoculation are not definite, whether it arose from Asia or Africa, the practice of vaccination was first introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796 [5]. He observed that the milkmaids who had cowpox lesions were immune against smallpox infection
Summary
Inoculation practices were started more than 500 years ago, the term vaccine was first described in the 18th century by Edward Jenner. The origins of inoculation are not definite, whether it arose from Asia or Africa, the practice of vaccination was first introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796 [5] He observed that the milkmaids who had cowpox lesions were immune against smallpox infection. It was mistakenly considered as the cause of Influenza pandemics, until in 1933 when the viral etiology was revealed [24,25] It is responsible for a wide range of localized and invasive infectious diseases. Advancements in cell culture techniques, recombinant DNA, and whole genome sequencing gave scientists the ability to rapidly respond to the evolving Influenza pandemics like the “Avian flu” in 1997 and the “Swine flu” in 2009, by creating safe and effective vaccines within a few months.
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