Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants help to enhance the immunogenicity of weak antigens. The adjuvant effect of certain substances was noted long ago (the 40s of the last century), and since then a large number of adjuvants belonging to different groups of chemicals have been studied. This review presents research data on the nonspecific action of substances originated from marine organisms, their derivatives and complexes, united by the name ‘adjuvants’. There are covered the mechanisms of their action, safety, as well as the practical use of adjuvants derived from marine hydrobionts in medical immunology and veterinary medicine to create modern vaccines that should be non-toxic and efficient. The present review is intended to briefly describe some important achievements in the use of marine resources to solve this important problem.
Highlights
The oil-in-water-based complete Freund’s adjuvant developed by Jules Freund and KatherineMcDermott in 40s of last century is the first vaccine adjuvant
Squalene-based adjuvant GLA-SE is a stable oil-in-water emulsion (SE) combined with glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) which is a synthetic agonist of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4
-2 revealed the best capacity to form tubular supramolecular complexes triterpene glycosides from commercial sea cucumber C. japonica are of particular importance.with cholesterol in comparison with other related of holothurians
Summary
The oil-in-water-based complete Freund’s adjuvant developed by Jules Freund and Katherine. Throughout its history, mankind has fought with infectious diseases and made different scientific discoveries in the field of studying pathogens and the mechanisms of their effects on the host organism These efforts resulted in the emergence of vaccinology based on the achievements of immunology, microbiology, biochemistry, and other sciences. Most vaccines that are successfully used today are based on inactivated (killed) or live attenuated (weakened) whole pathogens (viruses or bacteria) These empirically designed vaccines may exhibit undesirable side effects [4]. Developing safer vaccines is needed an approach based on current knowledge of the mechanisms involved in protective immune responses [7].onThe mostknowledge promisingoftrend in rational. The unlike most promising trend rational is the creation contain microbial antigen/s determining the development of a protective immune response in the of subunit vaccines which, unlike traditional ones based on the whole pathogen, contain microbial macroorganism [8].
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