Abstract
Despite continuous efforts, the century-old goal of eradicating malaria still remains. Multiple control interventions need to be in place simultaneously to achieve this goal. In addition to effective control measures, drug therapies and insecticides, vaccines are critical to reduce mortality and morbidity. Hence, there are numerous studies investigating various malaria vaccine candidates. Most of the malaria vaccine candidates are subunit vaccines. However, they have shown limited efficacy in Phase II and III studies. To date, only whole parasite formulations have been shown to induce sterile immunity in human. In this article, we review and discuss the recent developments in vaccination with sporozoites and the mechanisms of protection involved.
Highlights
Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases, causing a major public health problem with high mortality and morbidity
There are data showing that sporozoite vaccines are safe and tolerated in malaria-endemic areas [14, 23]
While the vaccine efficacy is markedly reduced against heterologous controlled human malaria infections (CHMI), it is encouraging that it offers some protection against heterologous CHMI [25]
Summary
Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases, causing a major public health problem with high mortality and morbidity. In 2017, the World Health Organization reported 219 million clinical cases and 435,000 deaths [1]. The use of different control interventions such as insecticide-treated bed nets, combination drug therapies and early diagnostics has greatly reduced malaria mortality worldwide [2]. With increasing drug resistance and insecticide resistance, these efforts are insufficient to eradicate malaria globally [3, 4]. It has become increasingly clear that there is no control intervention that can singly eradicate malaria. Multiple control interventions need to be in place simultaneously and a malaria vaccine is integral to global malaria eradication [5]
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