Abstract
Comparative vaccination and challenge experiments with pigeons were performed using mainly commercially available Newcastle disease vaccines containing either live or inactivated antigen. The development of local reactions (nodules) and increases in Chlamydia specific ELISA values following vaccination were used as parameters to gain information about the innocuity of the vaccines. For the assessment of immunity the following criteria were used (i) clinical symptoms, (ii) HI response in sera, (iii) virus shedding in feces as assessed by cloacal swabs. Inactivated oil emulsion vaccines induced local reactions at a rate between 0.5 and 2%. Inactivated vaccines containing other adjuvants did not cause local reactions. All injected live virus vaccines containing aluminium hydroxide gel were compatible following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Live virus vaccines induced a more frequent increase in Chlamydia psittaci specific ELISA values than inactivated vaccines. HI responses following live virus vaccines were very low in comparison to inactivated vaccines. Challenge experiments indicated differences in the rate of protection due to vaccination with either live or inactivated vaccines.
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