Abstract
In the past decade, progress has been made in sex determination mechanism in Vitis. However, genes responsible for sexual differentiation and its mechanism in V. amurensis remain unknown. Here, we identify a sex determination candidate gene coding adenine phosphoribosyl transferase 3 (VaAPRT3) in V. amurensis. Cloning and sequencing of the VaAPRT3 gene allowed us to develop a molecular marker able to discriminate female individuals from males or hermaphrodites based on a 22-bp InDel. Gene expression and endogenous cytokinin content analysis revealed that the VaAPRT3 gene is involved in sex determination or, to be precise, in female organ differentiation, through regulating cytokinin metabolism in V. amurensis. This study enlarged the understanding of sex determination mechanism in the genus Vitis, and the sex marker could be used as a helpful tool for sexual identification in breeding programs as well as in investigation and collection of V. amurensis germplasms.
Highlights
Grapevine (Vitis L.) is an important temperate fruit crop widely used for fresh fruit supply, raisin production, and juice and wine making
The total genetic distance of the linkage group was 52.8 cM, and the linkage group was constructed based on molecular markers within a 1.43-Mb physical distance, whereas in the V. vinifera-derived reference genetic linkage maps, the average distance of a single chromosome was no more than 86.4 cM (Adam-blondon et al, 2004; Riaz et al, 2004), and the total physical length of chromosome 2 in the V. vinifera grapevine reference genome (12× version) was 18.78 Mb
Between the two adjacent markers InDel1 and InDel2, the ratio was 31.6 kb/cM, but the ratio was only 0.68 kb/cM between InDel2 and InDel3. This phenomenon was observed in other plants, such as barley, where long genetic distances translated into short physical distances, and vice versa, and that was thought to be related to different frequencies of recombination events at different chromosome regions (Bustamante et al, 2017)
Summary
Grapevine (Vitis L.) is an important temperate fruit crop widely used for fresh fruit supply, raisin production, and juice and wine making. In China, the area for grapevine cultivation was nearly 0.75 million ha with a harvest of 14.37 million tons (FAO, 2019). China is abundant with wild grapevine resources. The number of Vitis species that originate in China accounts for approximately 50% of the world total (Wan et al, 2008). Among these species, V. amurensis has the strongest cold hardiness and is resistant to various fungal diseases. V. amurensis has the strongest cold hardiness and is resistant to various fungal diseases It has been an important material for sweet red wine making in China, and has been the most important germplasm resource in grapevine cold hardiness breeding
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